{
  "id": 7823,
  "title": "EIP-7823: Set upper bounds for MODEXP",
  "status": "Final",
  "type": "Standards Track",
  "category": "Core",
  "summary": "This introduces a 8192-bit (1024 byte) limit on each input to the MODEXP cryptographic precompile. MODEXP has been a source of consensus bugs due to unbounded inputs. By setting practical limits that cover all real-world use cases (like RSA verification), this reduces the testing surface area and paves the way for future replacement with more efficient EVM code.",
  "impacts": [
    "No impact - analysis shows no historical transactions would be affected by these limits.",
    "Applications using very large cryptographic operations (>8192 bits) would need to restructure, but no known use cases exist.",
    "No user-facing impact as limits exceed all practical cryptographic use cases.",
    "Gas estimation and fee calculation tools need updates for the new ModExp pricing formula.",
    "Provides more predictable gas costs for cryptographic operations in L2 smart contracts.",
    "Reduced risk of consensus bugs and more predictable resource usage for MODEXP operations.",
    "No changes required for consensus layer implementations.",
    "Must implement bounds checking for MODEXP inputs and handle new error conditions for oversized inputs.",
    "Eliminates underpriced cryptographic operations",
    "Prevents potential DoS attacks",
    "Better compensation for computational work",
    "More consistent gas pricing"
  ],
  "discussion_url": "https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/eip-7823-set-upper-bounds-for-modexp/21798",
  "source_markdown_url": "https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-7823.md",
  "canonical_url": "/latest/eips/7823.json",
  "markdown_url": "/latest/eips/7823.md",
  "citations": [
    {
      "recordId": "eip-7823",
      "artifactPath": "normalized/7823.json",
      "url": "/records/proposal/eip-7823/normalized/7823.json",
      "label": "EIP-7823: Set upper bounds for MODEXP",
      "snippet": "This introduces a 8192-bit (1024 byte) limit on each input to the MODEXP cryptographic precompile. MODEXP has been a source of consensus bugs due to unbounded inputs. By setting practical limits that cover all real-world"
    }
  ]
}